곰이 사는 마을 http://bears16.egloos.com 곰열여섯의 이런 저런 자료들 ko Tue, 06 May 2008 06:06:02 GMT Egloos 곰이 사는 마을 http://md.egloos.com/img/samplelogo.gif http://bears16.egloos.com 80 80 곰열여섯의 이런 저런 자료들 <![CDATA[ 버터는 해결사 ]]> http://bears16.egloos.com/4339804 http://bears16.egloos.com/4339804 버터는 해결사

과자·케이크의 촉촉함을 만드는 ‘몹쓸 지방’ 경화유는 가고 부드러움만 남아라

▣ 안병수 <과자, 내 아이를 해치는 달콤한 유혹> 지은이 baseahn@korea.com
▣ 사진 정수산 기자 jss49@hani.co.kr

‘요람에서 무덤까지.’ 기호식품의 꽃, 과자가 추구하는 캐치프레이즈다. ‘태어나서 죽을 때까지 먹는 식품’이란 뜻이다. 이 캐치프레이즈를 가장 잘 구현하는 과자는 무엇일까. 바로 ‘케이크’가 아닐까. 그중에서도 스펀지처럼 구멍이 예쁘게 송송 뚫린 스펀지케이크.

스펀지케이크의 생명은 ‘촉촉함’과 ‘부드러움’에 있다. 입에 닿는 순간 입술과 치아 끝에서 느껴지는 평화로운 감촉. 뒤이어 입 안 가득히 밀려드는 달콤한 맛. 부드러움과 달콤함의 마리아주(mariage)! 남녀노소를 가리지 않고 탐닉하는 식품의 관능적 품질 요소다.


이 스펀지케이크가 자랑하는 촉촉함과 부드러움의 정체는 무엇인가. 유감스럽게도 그것은 평화와는 어울리지 않는, 그다지 유쾌하지 않은, 한 고약한 원료가 만들어낸다. 쇼트닝 또는 마가린이 그 주인공. 이름하여 인공경화유다. 경화유, 즉 고체 유지가 밀가루의 글루텐이라는 단백질층으로 스며들면 오븐에서 구워질 때 작은 ‘기공’(air cell)들이 만들어진다. 이것이 소프트 비스킷 특유의 ‘스펀지 조직’이다.

과자에 일단 스펀지 조직이 만들어지면 수분이 많지 않더라도 촉촉하다. 그리고 부드럽다. 케이크 외에도 파이, 카스텔라, 슈, 페이스트리, 시폰, 쿠키 등이 한결같이 부드러운 식감을 자아내는 이유다. 이 과자들에는 쇼트닝이나 마가린이 약방의 감초처럼 사용된다.

문제는 그 경화유가 ‘나쁜 지방’의 대명사라는 사실. 정제·경화 과정에서 트랜스지방산이 만들어지는 것을 피할 수 없다. 설령 트랜스지방산이 없다 하더라도 화학적 방법으로 생산된 경화유는 되도록 피하는 것이 좋다. 지방산의 분자 구조가 변형돼 있기 때문이다. 이런 인공 유지는 체내에서 반드시 나쁜 짓을 하게 되어 있다. 그렇다면….

딜레마에 빠지지 않을 수 없다. 과자에 고체 유지는 쓰지 말라는 말인가. 부드러움의 원천인 스펀지 조직을 포기하라는 이야기인가. 그럴 리 없다. 자연의 섭리는 모든 대안을 가지고 있다. 여기서는 ‘버터’가 해결사다. 버터는 인공 경화유가 아니라는 점을 주목하시라. 물리적 방법으로 만들기 때문이다. 즉, 자연의 유지라는 뜻이다. 사실 마가린은 버터의 짝퉁이 아니던가. 그러고 보면 새삼스런 제안이 아니다.

혹 의문이 있을 수 있다. ‘버터는 동물성 지방이고 고콜레스테롤 식품이라고 하는데, 과자에 함부로 써도 되는 것일까?’ 이 의문은 미국의 10대 영양학자 가운데 한 사람으로 꼽히는 안 기틀만 박사가 해소해주고 있다.

“미국 제유업계는 두 가지 큰 죄를 졌습니다. 트랜스지방 소비를 부추긴 것이 그 하나고, 버터를 매도한 것이 다른 하나입니다. 버터는 알려진 것처럼 그렇게 나쁜 식품이 아닙니다. 오히려 심혈관 질환을 막아주는 유익한 물질들이 들어 있지요. 콜레스테롤이 염려된다고요? 음식은 혈중 콜레스테롤에 그다지 영향을 미치지 않습니다. 음식에서 유래하는 콜레스테롤은 전체의 25%밖에 안 되거든요.”

아울러 트랜스지방 연구의 최고 권위자인 미국의 매리 에닉 박사는 이렇게 말한다. “저는 1970년대 중반부터 식물성 경화유는 일절 먹지 않고 있습니다. 대신 버터를 먹지요. 지금도 집에서 요리를 할 때는 버터를 씁니다. 버터에는 포화지방산이 많지만 유익한 지방산들이라 괜찮아요.”

물론 유제품이라는 점에서 버터에도 비판적인 시각이 있는 것이 사실이다. 사료에 들어 있는 항생제나 성장호르몬 문제가 주로 도마 위에 오른다. 일리 있는 지적이다. 그러나 버터의 큰 효용에 비하면 그런 잡음은 소소하다고 봐도 좋다. 그 문제들은 앞으로 조금씩 해결해나갈 일이다.

최근 30대의 젊은 가수 한 사람이 숨졌다. 사인이 심근경색이란다. 충격이 아닐 수 없다. 심혈관 질환이 나이를 가리지 않게 된 것은 이미 오래전부터다. 남용되는 인공 경화유가 그 원인의 하나임은 부정할 수 없을 터다. 버터로 바꾸는 일이 시급한 것은 그래서다. 물론 그 버터는 가공 버터가 아닌, 천연 버터여야 함은 두말할 나위가 없다.

버터의 영양적 가치

버터의 유익한 성분에는 비타민A, 비타민E, 셀레늄, 레시틴 등이 있다. 비타민과 미네랄은 항산화제 구실을 한다. 레시틴은 나쁜 콜레스테롤을 분해한다.

버터의 특이점은 독특한 지방산 조성에 있다. 포화지방산이 약 60%로 높은 편이지만, 해롭지 않다는 것이 정설이다. 분자 길이가 짧은 지방산들이 많기 때문이다. 여기서 특히 눈여겨볼 것이 ‘라우르산’이다. 이 지방산은 포화지방산임에도 면역력 강화, 다이어트, 항균·항염 등의 효능이 있다.

아울러 노화 방지 지방산으로 알려진 ‘올레인산’이 약 30%, 필수지방산인 ‘리놀산’이 약 3%에 이르는 것도 버터의 강점이다.

]]> 쓰기 자료 Tue, 06 May 2008 06:06:02 GMT 곰열여섯 <![CDATA[ 커피 - 코피 루왁 ]]> http://bears16.egloos.com/4339770 http://bears16.egloos.com/4339770 너의 황금똥을 다오[매거진 Esc] 이명석의 카페정키한겨레
» 코피 루왁, 황금알을 낳는 고양이가 있었다.
여기저기서 사람도, 그 사람이 주는 선물도 잘 물어오는 친구가 있다. 5년 전쯤 또 뭔가를 물어왔다. “누가 고양이똥 커피를 준대.” 제법 유머러스한 이름이군. 나도 방에서 굴러다니는 덩어리를 보고 커피 원두로 착각한 적이 있지. “에스프레소 원두 괜찮은 건 없대?” 친구의 지인은 고양이똥은 다음으로 미루고, 캐나다에서 가공한 원두를 보내주었다.

얼마 후 코피 루왁(kopi luwak)을 알게 되었고, 나는 그때 고양이를 붙잡고 똥을 구걸하지 않은 걸 백만 번 후회했다. 인도네시아의 긴꼬리 사향고양이가 먹고 배설한 커피콩이 지상 최고의 커피인가에 대해서는 이견이 없지 않지만, 가장 희귀한 커피라는 건 다들 인정하는 분위기니까. 1년에 500㎏ 정도만 생산되는데 그 대부분을 일본인들이 휩쓸어간다나. 미국이나 유럽 등지에서 가끔 이벤트성으로 판매되고, 국내의 백화점에 등장해 뉴스를 타기도 했다. 영화 <버킷 리스트>의 갑부 잭 니콜슨이 애음하는 커피 역시 루왁이다.

나는 루왁 이야기를 들으면 <찰리와 초콜릿 공장>에서 잡일들을 맡아 하는 난쟁이들이 떠오른다. 고양이들은 아마도 커피나무에 기어 올라가 제일 잘 익은 커피만 쪽쪽 뜯어먹은 뒤, 그 결과물을 일꾼들 머리 위에 뿌직뿌직 싸놓을 거다. 우수한 콩을 선별하고 과육을 세척하는 과정을 생물학적으로 해결해 버린 결과, 거의 시럽과도 같은 모양에 지극히 복잡한 아로마를 만들어낸다나? 루왁과 고급 원두가 섞인 커피를 마셔볼 기회는 있었지만, 순수한 그 맛을 만날 순간은 아껴두고 있다.

카라콜리, 또는 피베리라는 커피는 좀더 쉽게 만날 수 있다. 보통 두 쪽으로 갈려야 할 원두가 돌연변이를 일으켜 한몸으로 붙어 버린 녀석들이다. 통통하니 모양도 실한데, 맛 역시 부드럽고 풍성하다. 코끼리콩이라고 하는 거대 원두 ‘마라고지페’ 역시 애호가들의 사랑으로 귀한 몸이 되어 있다.

와인만큼은 아니지만, 커피 역시 희귀성을 무기로 특별한 날의 한잔을 기대하게 한다. 그렇지만 자메이카 블루마운틴이라는 무거운 이름을 부른 뒤, 커피 한잔에 블루마운틴이 두세 알이나 들어갔을까 의심하고 싶지는 않다.

이명석 저술업자

]]> Miscellany Tue, 06 May 2008 05:46:33 GMT 곰열여섯 <![CDATA[ 뉴욕 타임스 2007 올해의 책 ]]> http://bears16.egloos.com/4081262 http://bears16.egloos.com/4081262 100 Notable Books of 2007
Greg Clarke

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Published: December 2, 2007

Correction Appended

The Book Review has selected this list from books reviewed since the Holiday Books issue of Dec. 3, 2006.

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Note

This list will run in the Dec. 2 print edition of the Book Review.

More Notable Books Lists

2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | 1997

RELATED

The 10 Best Books of 2007
Notable Children's Books of 2007


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Fiction & Poetry

THE ABSTINENCE TEACHER. By Tom Perrotta. (St. Martin’s, $24.95.)In this new novel by the author of “Little Children,” a sex-ed teacherfaces off against a church bent on ridding her town of “moral decay.”

AFTER DARK. By Haruki Murakami. Translated by Jay Rubin. (Knopf, $22.95.) A tale of two sisters, one awake all night, one asleep for months.

THE BAD GIRL. By Mario Vargas Llosa. Translated by Edith Grossman. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $25.) This suspenseful novel transforms “Madame Bovary” into a vibrant exploration of the urban mores of the 1960s, ’70s and ’80s.

BEARING THE BODY. By Ehud Havazelet. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $24.) In this daring first novel, a man travels to California after his brother is killed in what may have been a drug transaction.

THE BEAUTIFUL THINGS THAT HEAVEN BEARS. By Dinaw Mengestu. (Riverhead, $22.95.) A first novel about an Ethiopian exile in Washington, D.C., evokes loss, hope, memory and the solace of friendship.

BRIDGE OF SIGHS. By Richard Russo. (Knopf, $26.95.) In his first novel since “Empire Falls,” Russo writes of a small town in New York riven by class differences and racial hatred.

THE BRIEF WONDROUS LIFE OF OSCAR WAO. By Junot Díaz. (Riverhead, $24.95.) A nerdy Dominican-American yearns to write and fall in love.

CALL ME BY YOUR NAME. By André Aciman. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $23.) Aciman’s novel of love, desire, time and memory describes a passionate affair between two young men in Italy.

CHEATING AT CANASTA. By William Trevor. (Viking, $24.95.) Trevor’s dark, worldly short stories linger in the mind long after they’re finished.

THE COLLECTED POEMS, 1956-1998. By Zbigniew Herbert. Translated by Alissa Valles. (Ecco/HarperCollins, $34.95.) Herbert’s poetry echoes the quiet insubordination of his public life.

DANCING TO “ALMENDRA.” By Mayra Montero. Translated by Edith Grossman. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $25.) Fact and fiction rub together in this rhythmic story of a reporter on the trail of the Mafia, set mainly in 1950s Cuba.

EXIT GHOST. By Philip Roth. (Houghton Mifflin, $26.)In his latest novel Roth brings back Nathan Zuckerman, a protagonistwhom we have known since his potent youth and who now must face hisinevitable decline.

FALLING MAN. By Don DeLillo. (Scribner, $26.)Through the story of a lawyer and his estranged wife, DeLilloresurrects the world as it was on 9/11, in all its mortal dread, highanxiety and mass confusion.

FELLOW TRAVELERS. By Thomas Mallon. (Pantheon, $25.) In Mallon’s seventh novel, a State Department official navigates the anti-gay purges of the McCarthy era.

A FREE LIFE. By Ha Jin. (Pantheon, $26.) The Chinese-born author spins a tale of bravery and nobility in an American system built on risk and mutual exploitation.

THE GATHERING. By Anne Enright. (Black Cat/Grove/Atlantic, paper, $14.) An Irishwoman searches for clues to what set her brother on the path to suicide.

HARRY POTTER AND THE DEATHLY HALLOWS. By J. K. Rowling. (Arthur A. Levine/Scholastic, $34.99.) Rowling ties up all the loose ends in this conclusion to her grand wizarding saga.

HOUSE LIGHTS. By Leah Hager Cohen. (Norton, $24.95.) The heroine of Cohen’s third novel abandons her tarnished parents for the seductions of her grand-mother’s life in theater.

HOUSE OF MEETINGS. By Martin Amis. (Knopf, $23.) A Russian World War II veteran posthumously acquaints his stepdaughter with his grim past of rape and violence.

IN THE COUNTRY OF MEN. By Hisham Matar. (Dial, $22.) The boy narrator of this novel, set in Libya in 1979, learns about the convoluted roots of betrayal in a totalitarian society.

THE INDIAN CLERK. By David Leavitt. (Bloomsbury, $24.95.)Leavitt explores the intricate relationship between the Cambridgemathematician G. H. Hardy and a poor, self-taught genius from Madras,stranded in England during World War I.

KNOTS. By Nuruddin Farah. (Riverhead, $25.95.) After 20 years, a Somali woman returns home to Mogadishu from Canada, intent on reclaiming a family house from a warlord.

LATER, AT THE BAR: A Novel in Stories. By Rebecca Barry. (Simon & Schuster, $22.) The small-town regulars at Lucy’s Tavern carry their loneliness in “rough and beautiful” ways.

LET THE NORTHERN LIGHTS ERASE YOUR NAME. By Vendela Vida. (Ecco/HarperCollins, $23.95.)A young woman searches for the truth about her parentage amid the snowand ice of Lapland in this bleakly comic yet sad tale of a child’sfutile struggle to be loved.

LIKE YOU’D UNDERSTAND, ANYWAY: Stories. By Jim Shepard. (Knopf, $23.)Shepard’s surprising tales feature such diverse characters as aParisian executioner, a woman in space and two Nazi scientistssearching for the yeti.

MAN GONE DOWN. By Michael Thomas. (Black Cat/Grove/Atlantic, paper, $14.) This first novel explores the fragmented personal histories behind four desperate days in a black writer’s life.

MATRIMONY. By Joshua Henkin. (Pantheon, $23.95.) Henkin follows a couple from college to their mid-30s, through crises of love and mortality.

THE MAYTREES. By Annie Dillard. (HarperCollins, $24.95.) A married couple find their way back to each other under unusual circumstances.

THE MINISTRY OF SPECIAL CASES. By Nathan Englander. (Knopf, $25.) A Jewish family is caught up in Argentina’s “Dirty War.”

MOTHERS AND SONS: Stories. By Colm Toibin. (Scribner, $24.)In this collection by the author of “The Master,” families are not somuch reassuring and warm as they are settings for secrets, suspicionand missed connections.

NEXT LIFE. By Rae Armantrout. (Wesleyan University, $22.95.) Poetry that conveys the invention, the wit and the force of mind that contests all assumptions.

ON CHESIL BEACH. By Ian McEwan. (Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, $22.)Consisting largely of a single sex scene played out on a couple’swedding night, this seeming novel of manners is as much a horror storyas any McEwan has written.

OUT STEALING HORSES. By Per Petterson. Translated by Anne Born. (Graywolf Press, $22.) In this short yet spacious Norwegian novel, an Oslo professional hopes to cure his loneliness with a plunge into solitude.

THE RELUCTANT FUNDAMENTALIST. By Mohsin Hamid. (Harcourt, $22.)Hamid’s chilling second novel is narrated by a Pakistani who tells hislife story to an unnamed American after the attacks of 9/11.

REMAINDER. By Tom McCarthy. (Vintage, paper, $13.95.) In this debut, a Londoner emerges from a coma and seeks to reassure himself of the genuineness of his existence.

THE SAVAGE DETECTIVES. By Roberto Bolaño. Translated by Natasha Wimmer. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $27.) A craftily autobiographical novel about a band of literary guerrillas.

SELECTED POEMS. By Derek Walcott. Edited by Edward Baugh. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $25.)The Nobel Prize winner Walcott, who was born on St. Lucia, is along-serving poet of exile, caught between two races and two worlds.

THE SEPTEMBERS OF SHIRAZ. By Dalia Sofer. (Ecco/HarperCollins, $24.95.)In this powerful first novel, the father of a prosperous Jewish familyin Tehran is arrested shortly after the Iranian revolution.

SHORTCOMINGS. By Adrian Tomine. (Drawn & Quarterly, $19.95.)The Asian-American characters in this meticulously observed comic-booknovella explicitly address the way in which they handle being in aminority.

SUNSTROKE: And Other Stories. By Tessa Hadley. (Picador, paper, $13.) These resonant tales encapsulate moments of hope and humiliation in a kind of shorthand of different lives lived.

THEN WE CAME TO THE END. By Joshua Ferris. (Little, Brown, $23.99.) Layoff notices fly in Ferris’s acidly funny first novel, set in a white-collar office in the wake of the dot-com debacle.

THROW LIKE A GIRL: Stories. By Jean Thompson. (Simon & Schuster, paper, $13.) The women here are smart and strong but drawn to losers.

TIME AND MATERIALS: Poems, 1997-2005. By Robert Hass. (Ecco/Harper-Collins, $22.95.) What Hass, a former poet laureate, has lost in Californian ease he has gained in stern self-restraint.

TREE OF SMOKE. By Denis Johnson. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $27.) The author of “Jesus’ Son” offers a soulful novel about the travails of a large cast of characters during the Vietnam War.

TWENTY GRAND: And Other Tales of Love and Money. By Rebecca Curtis. (Harper Perennial, paper, $13.95.) In this debut collection, a crisp, blunt tone propels stories both surreal and realistic.

VARIETIES OF DISTURBANCE: Stories. By Lydia Davis. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, paper, $13.) Dispensing with straight narrative, Davis microscopically examines language and thought.

THE VIEW FROM CASTLE ROCK: Stories. By Alice Munro. (Knopf, $25.95.) This collection offers unusually explicit reflections of Munro’s life.

WHAT IS THE WHAT. The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng: A Novel. By Dave Eggers. (McSweeney’s, $26.) The horrors, injustices and follies in this novel are based on the experiences of one of the Lost Boys of Sudan.

WINTERTON BLUE. By Trezza Azzopardi. (Grove, $24.) An unhappy young woman meets an even unhappier drifter.

THE YIDDISH POLICEMEN’S UNION. By Michael Chabon. (HarperCollins, $26.95.)Cops, thugs, schemers, rabbis, chess fanatics and obsessives of everystripe populate this screwball, hard-boiled murder mystery set in animagined Jewish settlement in Alaska.


Nonfiction

AGENT ZIGZAG: A True Story of Nazi Espionage, Love, and Betrayal. By Ben Macintyre. (Harmony, $25.95.) The exploits of Eddie Chapman, a British criminal who became a double agent in World War II.

ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE: A Life. By Hugh Brogan. (Yale University, $35.) Brogan’s combative biography takes issue with Tocqueville’s misgivings about democracy.

ALICE: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, From White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. By Stacy A. Cordery. (Viking, $32.95.) A biography of Theodore Roosevelt’s shrewd, tart-tongued older daughter.

AMERICAN CREATION: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic. By Joseph J. Ellis. (Knopf, $26.95.) This history explores an underappreciated point: that this country was constructed to foster arguments, not to settle them.

THE ARGUMENT: Billionaires, Bloggers, and the Battle to Remake Democratic Politics. By Matt Bai. (Penguin Press, $25.95.) An exhaustive account of the Democrats’ transformative efforts, by a political reporter for The New York Times Magazine.

ARSENALS OF FOLLY: The Making of the Nuclear Arms Race. By Richard Rhodes. (Knopf, $28.95.) This artful history focuses on the events leading up to the pivotal 1986 Reykjavik summit meeting between Reagan and Gorbachev.

THE ART OF POLITICAL MURDER: Who Killed the Bishop? By Francisco Goldman. (Grove, $25.)The novelist returns to Guatemala, a major inspiration for his fiction,to try to solve the real-life killing of a Roman Catholic bishop.

BROTHER, I’M DYING. By Edwidge Danticat. (Knopf, $23.95.)Danticat’s cleareyed prose and unflinching adherence to the factsconceal an undercurrent of melancholy in this memoir of her Haitianfamily.

CIRCLING MY MOTHER. By Mary Gordon. (Pantheon, $24.)Gordon’s deeply personal memoir focuses on the engaged and livelyCatholicism of her mother, a glamorous career woman who was also analcoholic with a body afflicted by polio.

CLEOPATRA’S NOSE: 39 Varieties of Desire. By Judith Thurman. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $27.95.) These surgically analytic essays of cultural criticism showcase themes of loss, hunger and motherhood.

CULTURAL AMNESIA: Necessary Memories From History and the Arts. By Clive James. (Norton, $35.) Essays on 20th-century luminaries by one of Britain’s leading public intellectuals.

THE DAY OF BATTLE: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943-1944. Volume Two of the Liberation Trilogy. By Rick Atkinson. (Holt, $35.) A celebration of the American experience in these campaigns.

THE DIANA CHRONICLES. By Tina Brown. (Doubleday, $27.50.)The former New Yorker editor details the sordid domestic drama thatpitted the Princess of Wales against Britain’s royal family.

THE DISCOVERY OF FRANCE: A Historical Geography From the Revolution to the First World War. By Graham Robb. (Norton, $27.95.)Robb presents France as a group of diverse regions, each with its ownlong history, intricate belief systems and singular customs.

DOWN THE NILE: Alone in a Fisherman’s Skiff. By Rosemary Mahoney. (Little, Brown, $23.99.) Mahoney juxtaposes her solo rowing journey with encounters with the Egyptians she met.

DRIVEN OUT: The Forgotten War Against Chinese Americans. By Jean Pfaelzer. (Random House, $27.95.) How the Chinese were brutalized and demonized in the 19th-century American West — and how they fought back.

DUE CONSIDERATIONS: Essays and Criticism. By John Updike. (Knopf, $40.)Updike’s first nonfiction collection in eight years displaysbreathtaking scope as well as the author’s seeming inability to writebadly.

EASTER EVERYWHERE: A Memoir. By Darcey Steinke. (Bloomsbury, $24.95.) A minister’s daughter confronts her own spiritual rootlessness.

EDITH WHARTON. By Hermione Lee. (Knopf, $35.) This meticulous biography shows Wharton’s significance as a designer, decorator, gardener and traveler, as well as a writer.

THE FATHER OF ALL THINGS: A Marine, His Son, and the Legacy of Vietnam. By Tom Bissell. (Pantheon, $25.) Bissell mixes rigorous narrative accounts of the war and emotionally powerful scenes of the distress it brought his own family.

THE FLORIST’S DAUGHTER. By Patricia Hampl. (Harcourt, $24.)In her fifth and most powerful memoir, Hampl looks hard at herrelationship to her Midwestern roots as her mother lies dying in thehospital.

FORESKIN’S LAMENT: A Memoir. By Shalom Auslander. (Riverhead, $24.95.) With scathing humor and bitter irony, Auslander wrestles with his Jewish Orthodox roots.

GOMORRAH: A Personal Journey Into the Violent International Empire of Naples’ Organized Crime System. By Roberto Saviano. Translated by Virginia Jewiss. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $25.) This powerful work of reportage started a national conversation in Italy when it was published there last year.

THE HOUSE THAT GEORGE BUILT: With a Little Help From Irving, Cole, and a Crew of About Fifty. By Wilfrid Sheed. (Random House, $29.95.) A rich homage to Gershwin, Berlin and other masters of the swinging jazz song.

HOW DOCTORS THINK. By Jerome Groopman. (Houghton Mifflin, $26.)Groopman takes a tough-minded look at the ways in which doctors andpatients interact, and at the profound problems facing modern medicine.

HOW TO READ THE BIBLE: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now. By James L. Kugel. (Free Press, $35.)In this tour through the Jewish scriptures (i.e., the Old Testament,more or less), a former professor of Hebrew seeks to reclaim the Biblefrom the literalists and the skeptics.

HOW TO TALK ABOUT BOOKS YOU HAVEN’T READ. By Pierre Bayard. Translated by Jeffrey Mehlman. (Bloomsbury, $19.95.) A French literature professor wants to assuage our guilt over the ways we actually read and discuss books.

IMPERIAL LIFE IN THE EMERALD CITY: Inside Iraq’s Green Zone. By Rajiv Chandrasekaran. (Knopf, $25.95.) The author, a Washington Post journalist, catalogs the arrogance and ineptitude that marked America’s governance of Iraq.

THE INVISIBLE CURE: Africa, the West, and the Fight Against AIDS. By Helen Epstein. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $26.) Rigorous reporting unearths new findings among the old issues.

LEGACY OF ASHES: The History of the CIA. By Tim Weiner. (Doubleday, $27.95.)A comprehensive chronicle of the American intelligence agency, from thedays of the Iron Curtain to Iraq, by a reporter for The New York Times.

LENI: The Life and Work of Leni Riefenstahl. By Steven Bach. (Knopf, $30.)How Hitler’s favorite director made “Triumph of the Will” and convincedposterity that she didn’t know what the Nazis were up to.

LEONARD WOOLF: A Biography. By Victoria Glendinning. (Free Press, $30.) Glendinning shows Virginia Woolf’s accomplished husband as passionate, reserved and, above all, stoical.

A LIFE OF PICASSO: The Triumphant Years, 1917-1932. By John Richardson. (Knopf, $40.)The third, penultimate installment in Richardson’s biography spans adauntingly complicated time in Picasso’s life and in European history.

LITTLE HEATHENS: Hard Times and High Spirits on an Iowa Farm During the Great Depression. By Mildred Armstrong Kalish. (Bantam, $22.) Kalish’s soaring love for her childhood memories saturates this memoir, which coaxes the reader into joy, wonder and even envy.

LONG WAY GONE: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. By Ishmael Beah. (Sarah Crichton/-Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $22.)A former child warrior gives literary voice to the violence andkillings he both witnessed and perpetrated during the Sierra Leonecivil war.

THE NINE: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court. By Jeffrey Toobin. (Doubleday, $27.95.) An erudite outsider’s account of the cloistered court’s inner workings.

THE ORDEAL OF ELIZABETH MARSH: A Woman in World History. By Linda Colley. (Pantheon, $27.50.) Colley tracks the “compulsively itinerant” Marsh across the 18th century and several continents.

PORTRAIT OF A PRIESTESS: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece. By Joan Breton Connelly. (Princeton University, $39.50.) A scholar finds that religion meant power for Greek women.

RALPH ELLISON: A Biography. By Arnold Rampersad. (Knopf, $35.) Ellison was seemingly cursed by his failure to follow up “Invisible Man.”

THE REST IS NOISE: Listening to the Twentieth Century. By Alex Ross. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $30.)In his own feat of orchestration, The New Yorker’s music criticpresents a history of the last century as refracted through itsclassical music.

SCHULZ AND PEANUTS: A Biography. By David Michaelis. (Harper/ Harper-Collins, $34.95.)Actual “Peanuts” cartoons movingly illustrate this portrait of thestrip’s creator, presented here as a profoundly lonely and unhappy man.

SERVICE INCLUDED: Four-Star Secrets of an Eavesdropping Waiter. By Phoebe Damrosch. (Morrow, $24.95.) A memoir about waiting tables at the acclaimed Manhattan restaurant Per Se.

SOLDIER’S HEART: Reading Literature Through Peace and War at West Point. By Elizabeth D. Samet. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $23.) A civilian teacher at the Military Academy offers a significant perspective on a crucial social and political force: honor.

STANLEY: The Impossible Life of Africa’s Greatest Explorer. By Tim Jeal. (Yale University, $38.)Of the many biographies of Henry Morton Stanley, Jeal’s, which profitsfrom his access to an immense new trove of material, is the mostcomplete and readable.

THE STILLBORN GOD: Religion, Politics, and the Modern West. By Mark Lilla. (Knopf, $26.) With nuance and complexity, Lilla examines how we managed to separate, in a fashion, church and state.

THOMAS HARDY. By Claire Tomalin. (Penguin Press, $35.) Tomalin presents Hardy as a fascinating case study in mid-Victorian literary sociology.

TOO CLOSE TO THE SUN: The Audacious Life and Times of Denys Finch Hatton. By Sara Wheeler. (Random House, $27.95.) The story of the man immortalized in “Out of Africa.”

TWO LIVES: Gertrude and Alice. By Janet Malcolm. (Yale University, $25.) Sharp criticism meets playful, absorbing biography in this study of Stein and Toklas.

THE WHISPERERS: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia. By Orlando Figes. (Metropolitan, $35.) An extraordinary look at the gulag’s impact on desperate individuals and families struggling to survive.

THE YEARS OF EXTERMINATION: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945. By Saul Friedländer. (HarperCollins, $39.95.) Individual testimony and broader events are skillfully interwoven.

]]> 기획 Sun, 13 Jan 2008 08:15:45 GMT 곰열여섯 <![CDATA[ Bears: A Brief History by Bernd Brunner ]]> http://bears16.egloos.com/4024790 http://bears16.egloos.com/4024790
Bears: A Brief History by Bernd Brunner

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UPRIGHT GRIZZLY BEAR CUB BY RIVER IN WYOMING
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Reviewed by Simon Barnes

Thousands of years before Western civilisation knew about gorillas and chimpanzees, we had a wild creature that could stand and even walk upright, one that looked like an old man in eccentric undergarments with paws like gloved hands. Bears even eat much as do human beings: omnivorous, with a liking for meat and a pronounced sweet tooth.

All that made bears a conduit between humans and the rest of nature. Bears told humans that there was not a gulf between us and our fellow mammals: rather, that some kind of continuum existed. As a result, bears have been loved, hated, venerated and tormented for millennia. And still it goes on.

Bears stand for our love for the wild world: and our fear of it. They stand for our kinship with other species: and our rejection of any such thing. Wherever bears are, we find conflict: conflict for space, conflicting ways of life — and profound conflict in the human mind.

As late as the 11th century, there were Western aristocrats who boasted of their descent from bears. A 12th-century bestiary noted tenderly that bears “do not love each other as other four-footed creatures do, but rather embrace and mate in the same manner as men and women”. There has always been a whiff of eroticism in the quasi-human status of bears.

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All the same, they have been chased out of existence in much of Europe. The last British bears were wiped out a thousand years ago. Last year, when a bear strayed from Italy into Germany (during the World Cup) it made all the television channels and was then shot — to widespread outrage and relief.

Bears abound in stories, at once loveable and terrible. No child's life is complete without a teddy. At the beginning of the last century the stuffed toy bear was invented in Germany and taken up in a big way in America, largely because Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt was so fond of killing them.

A teddy bear is half wild, half child, with a flattened face, enlarged eyes, and short, rounded limbs like a human baby. Every night-time cuddle is an atavistic reaching out into our wilder past and a deep longing for the exotic and the wild: but all that is combined with an equally deep need for security and safety. Teddies and wild grizzlies are equally contradictory beasts.

Many of us grew up with bears. Winnie-the-Pooh is a bear and a poet, a creature of powerful affections and profundity of soul, composer of gnomic rhymes (including the koan-like Cottleston Pie), yet prone to terrible muddle and error, being a bear of very little brain much bothered by long words.

Paddington came from Darkest Peru and created havoc throughout Hampstead, close-fisted, with a taste for antiques and marmalade. A bear who inspired affection in all around him. Despite — or because of — his penchant for mayhem, Paddington was always an inadvertent destroyer of the civilised world.

I have a special affection for old Baloo, Mowgli's teacher in The Jungle Book. He was inevitably turned into an idiot by Walt Disney, but in the books he is the most learned creature in the jungle, wise, affectionate, pedantic and, when roused, capable of extraordinary violence.

All these ursine contradictions are an ineluctable part of the human condition. The panda — certainly a bear, for all its many peculiarities — has become a symbol of the fragility of the world and its wildlife. It is the logo of the WWF, a banner bearing a vegetarian bear under which that organisation rightly wages war on those who wish to destroy the wild world.

Meanwhile, California still bears a grizzly bear on its flag, even though bears were wiped out in that state in the early 20th century. The polar bear has become the emblem of global warming; a bear that makes its living on the icecap that is shrinking beneath its paws.

Polar bears weigh 200lb (90.7kg) less than they did 15 years ago because their way of life is becoming less and less viable. We keep finding new ways to destroy our own world: and always, it seems, there is a bear that can make the point more compellingly than any other creature.

The perfectly named Bernd Brunner has put together a wonderful book, a vivid cultural history of interaction between human beings and bears. It is full of glorious period illustrations; a brief but never trivial book that must captivate anyone who has cuddled a teddy or longed for the wild.

It becomes clear that throughout history we have used bears to define who and what we are. Bears provide a strange transitional phase between the tame and the wild, between human and non-human, just as a hibernating bear seems to embody a transition between life and death.

Bears have been a symbol of the fierce and savage world and everything that humans wished to escape from — and yet they were brought into cities so that their ferocity would be admired in bearpits and zoos. Now they are a symbol of the wild world we are destroying, while at the same time they sum up all the fear we still have of everything untamed. Bears R Us: and if we lose the wild bears and the wild places, we shall lose something important in ourselves.

Bears: A Brief History by Bernd Brunner

Yale, £16.99; 260pp

]]> Books to buy Fri, 21 Dec 2007 05:39:21 GMT 곰열여섯 <![CDATA[ The complex James Watson ]]> http://bears16.egloos.com/4024780 http://bears16.egloos.com/4024780

The complex James Watson

Watson's statements on race have been unwise and invidious; but no one can question his contributions to science

Jerry A. Coyne

James D. Watson
AVOID BORING PEOPLE
And other lessons from a life in science
347pp. Oxford University Press. £14.99 (US $27).
978 0 19 2802273 6

In 2003, after I favourably reviewed James D. Watson’s book DNA: The secret of life, he sent me a copy with an inscription in tiny, angular handwriting: “Thanks for reviewing my book as opposed to me”. Indeed, ever since publishing The Double Helix in 1968, his account of how he and Francis Crick co-discovered the structure of DNA, Watson has been a member of the very small club of celebrity scientists whose lives attract at least as much attention as their work. With his larger-than-life personality and a penchant for making inflammatory statements about science and society, Watson is never far from the headlines.

And what his friends have always feared has now come to pass. His statements to a Sunday Times reporter about the mental inferiority of black people (he expressed a hope that everyone was equal, but added that “people who have to deal with black employees find this is not true”) reignited an ever-smouldering debate about the genetics of racial differences. A huge ruckus ensued. His UK book tour to promote Avoid Boring People was abruptly cancelled, and he was summoned back to the United States by his employer, the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, where he was chancellor. Summarily forced to retire, the Nobel laureate has been left without a job and in considerable ignominy. His legacy may now be forever tainted by accusations of racism.

It would be easy to condemn Watson as arrogant and opinionated – he is – but a more nuanced look at his past reveals an infinitely more complex individual than that typically portrayed in the media. When he took a job at Harvard University, some of his colleagues found him so abrasive and lacking in inter-personal skills that one of them remarked that he wouldn’t put Watson in charge of a lemonade stand. Yet with an intuitive flair for recognizing scientific talent, he founded a department at Harvard that became a world-beater. Although Watson can seem relentlessly self-centred, he flouted scientific convention by unselfishly refusing to put his name on his students’ publications. And despite repeated statements about women that can only be viewed as sexist, he has ardently supported the work and careers of his female students.

Much of this complexity is on vivid display in the latest instalment of his autobiography. Avoid Boring People is actually the third volume in the continuing saga of Watson’s life, following The Double Helix (1968; dealing solely with his work with Crick) and Genes, Girls, and Gamow (2002; describing his post-Double Helix years between 1953 and 1958). The new book deals mainly with the period between Watson’s birth in 1928 and 1976, when he left Harvard permanently to run Cold Spring Harbor.

Watson was initially interested in ornithology, but turned to genetics as an undergraduate at the University of Chicago. While obtaining his doctorate at Indiana University under Salvador Luria (who later won a Nobel Prize for his work on the genetics of viruses), Watson realized that the central problem in biology was the nature of the genetic material. His obsessive pursuit of the gene bore fruit in 1952 at Cambridge University, where Crick and the twenty-four-year-old Watson discovered the double-helical nature of DNA, a finding for which they (along with Maurice Wilkins) shared the Nobel Prize eleven years later. Watson took an academic job at Harvard, and his tenure there, marked by his arduous and successful attempts to strengthen biology, occupies most of Avoid Boring People.

There is some overlap between this book and Watson’s two earlier autobiographical works, but there is much that is new and interesting. We learn about the perks that accompany a Nobel Prize, including a living alarm clock in the form of a white-robed soprano sporting a tiara of lit candles. And Watson tells for the first time the story behind the writing of The Double Helix and its famous opening sentence, “I have never seen Francis Crick in a modest mood”. Crick, understandably, was initially unenthusiastic, though the passage of time seems to have dulled his ire. Another high point, at least for scientists, is Watson’s description of how he single-handedly transformed Cold Spring Harbor from a sleepy scientific backwater into a powerhouse of research. This is a story of visionary scientific leadership on a massive scale.

One wishes that Watson had continued his narrative for at least another fifteen years to include another high point in his career: the Human Genome Project. A major force in persuading the US government to become involved in sequencing the human genome, Watson directed the project until 1992, when, in an uncanny foreshadowing of his present situation, he was forced to resign after he took the principled and admirable stand that patenting genes for commercial profit is bad for both science and society.

The style of Avoid Boring People is eccentric. Watson leavens his narrative by casting it as a series of lessons he learned from each phase of his career. Every chapter begins – usually awkwardly – with the word “Manners” (e.g., “Manners Maintained When Reluctantly Leaving Harvard”) and ends with a series of “Remembered Lessons”. Some of these, such as “keep your intellectual curiosity much broader than your thesis objective”, are quite useful for the budding scientist. Others, however, are pedantic or solipsistic: few people are likely to benefit from Watson’s warning that they should “expect to put on weight after Stockholm”.

As usual, Watson pulls no punches. His opinions of other scientists are frank and often harsh. Edward Tatum, who shared the Nobel Prize with George Beadle for discovering that genes produce enzymes, is dismissed as a “polite plodder, who would have gone nowhere but for Beadle”. And there is Watson’s hunt for a mate, a leitmotif of all his autobiographical works. Here, after failing to find a “suitable blonde”, he finally marries a brunette Harvard undergraduate twenty-one years his junior.

On the whole, though, the book is a mixed bag. It’s not easy to produce scientific autobiography: one must simultaneously explain complicated science to the public, weave in relevant personal details (but not too many), and, finally, write engagingly. Watson perfectly combined these skills in The Double Helix, a masterpiece of the genre and perhaps the best existing account of how modern science is actually done. But things have gone downhill ever since. Genes, Girls, and Gamow was a disappointment, meandering and poorly written. Avoid Boring People is additionally plagued by Watson’s photographic memory, a boon for biographers but not for readers. He seems reluctant to leave out any detail, however trivial. One example:

"A month later Susie [a Sussex undergraduate] was to be in the States on her way to a month-long holiday near Denver, where she planned to visit her British boyfriend. She seemed eager to stop off in Cold Spring Harbor, where in mid-July I would be staying at the home of the lab’s director, John Cairns. In the end she came only for a day, letting me admire her swimsuited form on the raft off the lab’s beach. Ensuring that the occasion’s memory would not be one to cherish was the continuous presence of the Cairnses’ German police dog, who nearly bit me on the leg before being dispatched. Early in September, on her way back to England, Susie stopped off in Boston long enough to let me take her to supper at the Union Oyster House after I ruefully observed her lack of attention to the art on the walls of my Appian Way flat."

Like the human genome itself, Watson’s account comprises nuggets of meaningful information embedded in larger stretches of apparently useless spacer. If only some of that spacer were devoted to explaining some of the book’s tersely delivered science:

"To increase their chances of succeeding, Benno [Benno Müller-Hill, a German biochemist] again turned to bacterial genetics, making a mutant repressor that had enhanced affinity for the chemical that induced isopropyl-ß-D-1-thiogalactosidase (IPTG). By growing E. coli cells in very low concentrations of IPTG, a much more effective repressor became available."

Even a professional geneticist will struggle to figure out what was going on in this experiment.

The book’s epilogue, though bizarre, is its most illuminating part. Despite having left Harvard over thirty years ago, Watson takes it personally that biology is, as he sees it, in decline there. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard’s local rival, has come from behind to overtake the biology programme he lovingly and successfully tended during his years as a Harvard professor. Part of the problem is Harvard’s recently deposed president, Larry Summers, who, in Watson’s opinion, combined arrogance and ignorance of matters scientific with a determination to expand Harvard biology. The result, Watson notes, is over-expansion and science done on a “B+ level”. Summers, however, was not undone by his vision for Harvard science; rather, he was hounded from office after making public comments about the possibility that women are under-represented in science because of innate differences between the sexes. It is ironic that the final chapter’s account of a public figure laid low by unwise comments about genetic differences parallels in many ways what may be the final chapter of Watson's career.

Watson concludes the book by arguing that there may well be differences in “the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution” (read “races”), and that the genes for these differences could be found within a decade. This, along with his remarks to the Sunday Times reporter, clearly shows that differences in people’s IQ now occupy him greatly. And when one considers his other published or spoken statements, including his concerns that a “genetic underclass” may exist and that genetic differences in intellect cannot be erased by education, one might easily conclude that he sees black people as a permanent drag on human progress.

But the race issue is only a sideshow, albeit an unpleasant one, in the Watson story. After all, one can love Wagner’s music without endorsing his politics. Certainly Watson’s genetic determinism and his statements on race have been unwise, invidious and, most important, lacking in scientific support. His conclusions are wrong because he lacks the statistical savvy of population genetics and is wedded to an iron-clad genetic determinism despite ample evidence of environmental effects on IQ. Unfortunately, his stature and Nobel Prize have endowed his personal prejudices with undeserved credibility. But what is not in question are Watson’s enormous contributions to science. Not only did he help make what was arguably the greatest discovery in the history of biology, but he also nurtured and inspired legions of younger scientists.

Whenever I ponder Watson, my thoughts go back to a Saturday afternoon in the spring of 1992 – Alumni Day at the University of Chicago. As a colleague and I were chatting in the lab, we were accosted by a rumpled, elderly gentleman with wild wisps of white hair. The man informed us that the room in which we were standing was a teaching lab when he was an undergraduate. My colleague told him that it was now used for DNA research. “What do you do with the DNA?” asked the man. Assuming that the visitor knew nothing about molecules, my colleague provided a patient and detailed explanation of how he was determining the sequence of a DNA fragment, using the analogy of coloured beads on a string. The man listened carefully and enthusiastically, sporadically nodding his grasp of the details.

The ageing alumnus finally introduced himself. My friend, who turned a flaming crimson, had been explaining DNA, as if to a child, to Jim Watson. But, far from being offended, Watson was so pleased that a scientist had taken such time and care to explain his work that he endowed our department with a generous lectureship. That, too, is the real – and complex – Jim Watson.




Jerry Coyne is an evolutionary geneticist in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago. His bookSpeciation (co-authored with H. Allen Orr) appeared in 2004.

]]> Books to buy Fri, 21 Dec 2007 05:37:02 GMT 곰열여섯 <![CDATA[ <교감을 통해 새로 태어난 '임진일기'> ]]> http://bears16.egloos.com/3377241 http://bears16.egloos.com/3377241 <교감을 통해 새로 태어난 '임진일기'>
 
[연합뉴스 2007-05-04 16:00]  

 
한학자 노승석씨 표점ㆍ교감

(서울=연합뉴스) 김태식 기자 = 임진일기(壬辰日記)는 국보 76호인 초서체 필사본 난중일기(亂中日記)의 전체 7책 중 제1책에 해당한다. 총 15면에 글자수 2천240자이며 시기는 임진년(壬辰年. 1592) 5월1-4일, 5월29-6월10일, 8월24-28일이다.

하지만 충무공(忠武公) 이순신(李舜臣. 1545-1598)의 임진왜란 진중일기인 임진일기는 이 필사본 난중일기에만 남아있는 게 아니다. 정조의 명으로 발간된 충무공전서(忠武公全書)에 포함된 임진일기는 총 4천822자로 필사본에 비해 분량이 두 배 가량이나 많다.

나아가 조선 중기 때 문학의 대가 신경(申炅)이라는 사람이 임진왜란 때 명나라의 구원으로 조선이 곤경에서 벗어났음을 정리한 '재조번방지초'(再造藩邦志抄)라는 책에도 그 발췌본이 남아있다.

글자 분량도 다르고, 더구나 그 형태가 필사본과 인쇄본으로 다를 경우에는 거의 필연적으로 판본별 차이가 적지 않게 빚어지게 되고, 때로는 글자 하나 때문에 엄청난 차이가 나기도 한다. 이에 더해 원래 저자가 직접 붓으로 쓴 글이라고 해도, 저자 자신이 오류를 빚는 경우는 얼마든지 있다.

교감학(校勘學)은 이를 위한 학문이다. 이본(異本)들을 비교하거나, 같은 판본에 대한 다각적인 검토를 통해 신뢰할 수 있는 정본(定本)을 확정하는 일을 떠맡은 분야가 바로 교감학이다.

중국의 청대(淸代)에 학계를 풍미한 고증학은 실상 교감학이 절반을 차지한다고 해도 좋을 만큼 교감이 중시되었다.

하지만 한국은 지금까지도 교감학 전문가가 없다시피했다. 다산 정약용이나 추사 김정희를 항상 청대 고증학에 견주어 조선 고증학의 최고봉을 이룬 대가처럼 추켜세우나, 실상 이들에게서 교감학자다운 면모는 찾기가 힘들다.

그러나 젊은 한학자 노승석(盧承奭. 38) 순천향대 이순신연구소 전문위원이 시도하는 일련의 난중일기에 대한 작업은 교감학이 지리하거나 고리타분한 작업만이 아니라, 그것이 '예술의 영역'임을 입증한다. 필사본과 씨름하면서 난중일기 전편을 DB화한 데 이어 2005년에는 이런 작업을 토대로 그것을 완역한 그가 최근에는 임진일기 3가지 판본을 중심으로 그것만을 떼어내 한 글자 한 글자를 교감했다.

이순신연구소 이름으로 발간되고 도서출판 인디북스에서 선보인 '표점ㆍ교감 임진일기'가 그것이다.

전체 분량은 해제와 발간후기를 합쳐 76쪽에 지나지 않으나, 한적(漢籍) 교감학 교재로 활용해도 좋을 만큼 세밀한 임진일기 교감 작업을 시도했다.

예컨대 충무공전서본 정월 1일자를 보면 '長片箭雜物'(장편전잡물)이라는 표현이 보이고 이는 '긴 편전'(화살의 일종) 등으로 해석하곤 했으나 노씨는 이를 '長ㆍ片箭雜物'이라고 표점을 가함으로써 '긴 화살과 짧은 화살'로 바로잡았다.

또, 초고본 임진일기 5월2일자에는 "伏兵則水山'이라는 표현이 보이지만, '水山'라는 문구에 상하 뒤바뀜을 의미하는 부호를 찾아냄으로써 이를 '山水'로 바로잡았다. 초고본 같은 해 5월29일자에 보이는 '직지동처'(直指同處. 바로 그곳에 갔더니)의 '指'라는 글자는 '詣'(간다는 뜻의 '예')라는 글자의 음만 빌린 표기임을 밝혀냈다.

노씨의 '임진일기'는 이런 교감의 작업을 통해 21세기에 새롭게 탄생한 정본 '임진일기'라고 할 수 있다. 6천원.

 

]]> Books to buy Sat, 05 May 2007 09:10:32 GMT 곰열여섯 <![CDATA[ 프리미어 리그 팀 표기법 ]]> http://bears16.egloos.com/3197656 http://bears16.egloos.com/3197656
외래어 표기법 (64차 회의)

영국 잉글랜드의 프로 축구 1부 리그
프리미어십(Premiership)    2005～2006 시즌
Arsenal 아스널
Aston Villa 애스턴 빌라
Birmingham City 버밍엄 시티
Blackburn Rovers 블랙번 로버스
Bolton Wanderers볼턴 원더러스
Charlton Athletic 찰턴 애슬레틱
Chelsea첼시
Everton에버턴
Fulham풀럼
Liverpool 리버풀
Manchester City맨체스터 시티
Manchester United 맨체스터 유나이티드
Middlesbrough미들즈브러
Newcastle United뉴캐슬 유나이티드
Portsmouth 포츠머스
Sunderland선덜랜드
Tottenham Hotspur토트넘 홋스퍼
West Bromwich Albion웨스트 브로미치 앨비언
West Ham United 웨스트 햄 유나이티드
Wigan Athletic위건 애슬레틱
]]> Reference Wed, 14 Mar 2007 04:38:35 GMT 곰열여섯 <![CDATA[ 미국 행정부 관직 명칭 ]]> http://bears16.egloos.com/3197634 http://bears16.egloos.com/3197634

미국 수뇌부 명칭

미국 행정부 관직 명칭

 

장관콜린 파월 Colin L. POWELL
부장관리처드 아미티지 Richard L. ARMITAGE
차관 (정치 담당)마크 그로스먼 Marc GROSSMAN
차관 (홍보 담당)샬럿 비어스 Charlotte BEERS
차관 (군비관리·국제안전보장 담당)존 볼턴 John R. BOLTON
차관 (지구규모 문제 담당)폴라 도브리언스키 Paula J. DOBRIANSKY
차관 (경제·농업 담당)앨런 라슨 Alan P. LARSON
차관 (행정 담당)그랜트 그린 Grant S. GREEN
차관보 (정치·군사 담당)링컨 블룸필드 Lincoln P. BLOOMFIELD
차관보 (군비관리 담당)스티븐 래더메이커 Stephen G. RADEMAKER
차관보 (인권·노동 담당)론 크래너 Lorne W. CRANER
차관보 (정보기관·조사 담당)칼 포드 Carl W. FORD
차관보 (중동 담당)윌리엄 조지프 번스 William Joseph BURNS
차관보 (유럽·유라시아 담당)엘리자베스 존스 A. Elizabeth JONES
차관보 (동아시아·태평양 담당)제임스 켈리 James A. KELLY
차관보 (남아시아 담당)크리스티나 로카 Christina B. ROCCA
차관보 (아프리카 담당)월터 캔스타이너 Walter H. KANSTEINER
차관보 (비확산 문제 담당)존 스턴 울프 John Stern WOLF
차관보 서리 (서반구 담당)커티스 스트루블 J. Curtis STRUBLE
정책기획국장리처드 하스 Richard N. HAASS
보도관 (홍보 담당 차관보)리처드 바우처 Richard A. BOUCHER
부보도관필립 리커 Philip T. REEKER
유엔대사존 네그로폰테 John D. NEGROPONTE
주한대사토머스 허버드 Thomas C. HUBBARD
대북협상 특사찰스 프리처드 Charles PRITCHARD

 

 

]]> Reference Wed, 14 Mar 2007 04:32:50 GMT 곰열여섯 <![CDATA[ 마개와 뚜껑 / 김수업 ]]> http://bears16.egloos.com/3162760 http://bears16.egloos.com/3162760 말뜻말맛] 마개와 뚜껑 / 김수업말뜻말맛한겨레
‘마개’는 ‘막다’는 움직씨의 줄기 ‘막’에 ‘애’가 붙고, ‘덮개’는 ‘덮다’는 움직씨의 줄기 ‘덮’에 ‘애’가 붙어 이름씨 낱말이 되었다. 이때 ‘애’는 “~에 쓰는 무엇”이라는 이름꼴 씨끝이다. 그래서 마개는 “막는 데에 쓰는 무엇”이고, 덮개는 “덮는 데에 쓰는 무엇”이다. 막는 것은 무엇이며 덮는 것은 무엇인가? 병이나 항아리 따위 아가리가 구멍인 것에다 안으로 끼워서 안에 든 것이 밖으로 나오지 못하도록 지키는 노릇이 막는 것이고, 바깥으로 감싸서 밖에 있는 것이 안으로 들어가지 못하도록 지키는 노릇이 덮는 것이다. 그러므로 마개는 막았다가 뽑아야 하고, 덮개는 덮었다가 벗겨야 한다. 그리고 덮개는 병이나 항아리 같이 아가리가 구멍인 것보다는 아가리가 큰 통이나 독이나 도가지 같은 것에 더욱 잘 어울리고, 나아가 밖에서 오는 벌레나 짐승, 빛이나 볕, 눈이나 비, 심지어 바람 따위를 막으려는 것이면 무엇에나 두루 쓰인다.

‘뚜껑’은 아가리를 바깥으로 감싸는 모습에서나 밖에 있는 것이 안으로 들어가지 못하도록 지키려는 구실에서나 덮개와 비슷하다. 덮개나 뚜껑이나 모두 본디 하나의 움직씨 ‘둪다’에서 나온 아재비조카 사이기 때문이다. ‘둪다’의 줄기 ‘둪’에 이름꼴 씨끝 ‘엉’이 붙어 뚜벙(뚜껑)이 되고, ‘둪다’가 ‘덮다’로 바뀐 다음 거기서 덮개가 나왔다. 뚜껑은 덮개처럼 무엇에나 두루 쓰이지는 않고 살림살이에서 훨씬 긴요한 솥이나 그릇이나 상자 같은 가구에만 가려서 쓰인다. 그리고 뚜껑은 닫았다가 열어야 한다.

김수업/우리말교육대학원장

]]> 한국말 Sun, 04 Mar 2007 05:33:22 GMT 곰열여섯 <![CDATA[ 조선시대에 나눗셈-뺄셈만으로 제곱근 풀었다 ]]> http://bears16.egloos.com/3162753 http://bears16.egloos.com/3162753 조선시대에 나눗셈-뺄셈만으로 제곱근 풀었다



조선 후기 실학자 홍정하가 지은 ‘구일집’의 일부. 산가지를 이용해 10차 방정식을 푸는 과정을 설명하고 있다. 막대기를 겹쳐 쌓아 놓은 모양이 산가지로 표시한 숫자다. 사진 제공 전용훈 씨

서울대 전용훈 연구원 ‘홍길주 풀이방법’ 소개

《수학에서 같은 수를 두 번 곱해 A가 되는 수를 ‘A의 제곱근’이라고 한다. 예를 들어 4의 제곱근은 2와 ―2, 9의 제곱근은 3과 ―3이다. 제곱근은 땅의 넓이나 그릇의 부피에서 한 변의 길이를 측정하는 데 활용된다. 지금까지 조선시대의 제곱근 계산 방법은 중국에서 영향을 받은 것으로 알려져 왔다. 얼마 전 19세기 우리 조상들이 독자적인 방법으로 제곱근을 계산했다는 연구결과가 나왔다.》

서울대 과학문화연구센터 전용훈 연구원은 19세기 초 유학자 홍길주(洪吉周·1786∼1841)가 나눗셈과 뺄셈만으로 제곱근을 구했다는 사실을 옛 문헌 조사 결과 확인했다고 밝혔다. 이 연구결과는 ‘과학사’ 분야의 권위지 ‘사이언스 인 콘텍스트’ 2월호에 소개됐다.

○ 중국의 셈법과 다른 독자적 방식

홍길주의 풀이법은 간단하다. 먼저 수를 반으로 나누고 나눈 값을 1부터 오름차순으로 뺀다. 9의 경우 반으로 나눈 값 4.5에서 1을 빼고, 남은 값 3.5에서 2를 빼는 식이다. 그렇게 더는 뺄 수 없을 때 남은 수를 2배한 뒤 그 수가 뺄 수와 같으면 제곱근이라는 것.

3.5에서 2를 빼고 남은 수 1.5는 3으로 더는 뺄 수 없고 이를 2배한 3이 빼려는 수 3과 같기 때문에 9의 제곱근은 3이 된다는 것이다. 이는 훗날 서양 수학에 등장하는 수열의 합을 구하는 공식과 유사한 독특한 풀이법이다.

그전까지는 중국에서 넓이 계산에 썼던 ‘개방술’의 영향이 컸다. 개방술은 어떤 수의 제곱근이 ‘A백B십C’라고 추측하고 A, B, C를 구하거나 방정식의 근사해를 이용하는 식으로 제곱근을 얻었다.

전 연구원은 “나눗셈과 뺄셈만 이용하는 이 풀이법은 ‘산학계몽’이나 서양수학을 담고 있는 ‘수리정온’에 근거한 중국의 전통과 결별한 새로운 방식”이라고 말했다. 홍길주 스스로도 자신의 저서 ‘숙수념(孰遂念)’에서 “바보가 아닌 이상 어린아이들도 쉽게 할 수 있는 풀이법”이라고 설명했다.

○ 소수점까지 계산… 세제곱근 이상도 가능

전 연구원은 “이런 계산법은 제곱근이 2.449…처럼 소수로 나오는 6과 같은 수에도 적용할 수 있을 정도로 응용하기 좋다”고 설명한다. 6의 경우 일단 100을 곱해 세 자릿수로 만든 뒤 같은 방식으로 계산하면 24보다 크고 25보다 작은 값이 나온다. 6의 제곱근을 구하려면 이 수를 100의 제곱근 10으로 다시 나눠주면 2.449…라는 수가 나온다는 것.

제곱한 숫자가 만 단위를 넘을 때도 얼마든지 쉽게 풀 수 있다는 게 전 연구원의 설명이다. 이런 방법으로 홍길주는 세제곱근, 네제곱근, 다섯제곱근의 풀이방법도 제시했다.

그는 제곱근 풀이 외에도 정수의 나머지 구하기(부정방정식), 원에 내접하는 다각형의 성질, 황금분할, 세 정수로 이뤄진 직각삼각형의 조합 등 현대 수학에 나오는 다양한 문제에 대한 독특한 풀이법을 함께 내놨다.

당시 조선의 수학은 어떤 수준이었을까. 서강대 수학과 홍성사(수학사) 교수는 “송나라와 원나라 때 이미 4차 이상의 고차방정식을 풀 수 있었으며 그런 전통이 조선으로 이어졌다”고 말한다. 넓이나 부피를 구하는 정도의 문제는 쉽게 풀 수 있었다는 얘기다.

○ 宋-元시대 고차방정식 해법 조선이 계승

당시 실록에 따르면 세종대에 이미 ‘산판(算板)과 산가지’를 활용해 제곱근은 물론 10차 방정식 해까지 구할 수 있었다.

실제로 상수항을 진수(眞數), 1차항을 근(根), 2차항 평방(平方), 3차항 입방(立方), 4차항 삼승방(三乘方)이라고 해서, ‘3χ4+5χ-2’라는 4차 방정식을 ‘삼삼승방 다오근 소이진수(三三乘方 多五根 少二眞數)’라고 표현했다. ‘다(多)’는 더하기, ‘소(少)’는 빼기를 뜻한다.

중국이 명나라 청나라로 들어와 실용수학 중심으로 흐름이 바뀐 것과 달리 조선은 송·원시대의 수학 전통을 독자적으로 발전시켰다.

명문장가 집안 출신인 홍길주가 수학에 몰두했던 것도 이런 전통 위에 수학과 천문학을 반드시 공부해야 하는 사회 분위기의 영향을 크게 받았기 때문이다. 18세기 실학의 영향과 함께 서양의 수학과 과학이 들어오자 ‘종합지식인’이었던 선비들도 수학에 관심을 갖기 시작한 것.

실제로 홍대용을 비롯해 황윤석, 홍정하, 서유본 등 당대의 많은 유학자가 이 시기를 전후로 수학을 연구했다는 기록을 자신의 책에 남겼다. 전 연구원은 “글뿐 아니라 수학에서도 비상한 재주를 가졌던 홍길주는 17, 18세기와 19세기 중반에 이르는 당시 지식인 사회의 분위기를 대변한다”고 말했다.

박근태 동아사이언스 기자 kunta@donga.com

▼홍길주(1786∼1841)▼

조선 정조 때 문장가, 경학자로 호는 ‘항해(沆瀣)’. 30대에 벼슬의 뜻을 버리고 초야에 묻혀 저술 활동에 매진했다. 삼국지연의를 읽는 법이나 대인관계에 필요한 예의 등에 대한 글을 비롯하여 박지원, 이익 등 당대 학자들에 대한 평까지 다양한 글을 남겼다.

‘현수갑고’ ‘표롱을첨’ ‘항해병함’ ‘숙수념’을 비롯해 ‘수여방필’ ‘수여연필’ ‘수여난필’ ‘수여난필속’ 등 4부작 비망록이 있다.

]]> Study Sun, 04 Mar 2007 05:30:45 GMT 곰열여섯